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Line Coding
Line Coding Line coding is the process of converting digital data to digital signals. We assume that data, in the form of text, numbers, graphical images, audio, or video, are stored in computer memory as sequences of bits. Line coding converts a sequence of bits to a digital signal. At the sender, digital data are encoded into a digital signal; at the receiver, the digital data are recreated by decoding the digital signal. Below figure shows the process. Common Characteristics Signal Element versus Data Element Let us distinguish between a data element and a signal element. In data communications, our goal is to send data elements. A data element is the smallest entity that can represent a piece of information: this is the bit. In digital data communications, a signal element carries data elements. A signal element is the shortest unit (timewise) of a digital signal. We define a ratio r which is the number of data elements ...
Transmission Media
Transmission Media Transmission media are actually located below the physical layer and are directly controlled by the physical layer. Below Figure shows the position of transmission media in relation to the physical layer. The transmission medium is usually free space, metallic cable, or fiber-optic cable. The information is usually a signal that is the result of a conversion of data from another form. Classes of transmission media Guided Media Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit from one device to another, include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic (copper) conductors that accept and transport signals in the form of electric current. Optical fiber is a cable that accepts and transports signals in the form of light. Twisted-Pair Cable A twisted pair consists of two conductors (normally copper), each with its own plastic insulation, twisted together. One of the ...
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